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Nascent Drama

As the Renaissance began, English was experiencing what is known as the Great Vowel Shift. The sounds made by many of the language's vowels changed, and with them they changed the language. This is why in modern English so many words are not spelled phonetically. As Roberts explains, ". . . wine had the vowel of modern mean; he was pronounced something like modern hey. . ." (45). The Renaissance would bring even further changes to the language.
 
exposure
External

External exposure is exposure which occurs when the radioactive source (or other radiation source) is outside (and remains outside) the organism which is exposed. Below are a series of three examples of external exposure.

* A person who places a sealed radioactive source in his pocket
* A space traveller who is irradiated by cosmic rays
* A person who is treated for cancer by either teletherapy or brachytherapy. While in brachytherapy the source is inside the person it is still external exposure because the active part of the source never comes into direct contact with the biological tissues of the person.

One of the key points is that external exposure is often relatively easy to estimate, and the irradiated objects do not become radioactive (except for a case where the radiation is an intense neutron beam which causes activation of the object). It is possible for an object to be contaminated on the outer surfaces, assuming that no radioactivity enters the object it is still a case of external exposure and it is normally the case that decontamination is easy (wash the surface).
 
In 1475, William Caxton brought the printing press, an important invention of the early Renaissance, to England from Germany. Suddenly, books went from being a valuable and rare commodity to being, as Roberts puts it, "cheap and common." Literacy rates rose and differences between dialects began to subside. The printing press, too, began the long process of the standardisation of spelling in English, a process that was not completed until relatively recent times (Roberts, 45).
 
exposure
Internal

Internal exposure occurs when the radioactive material enters the organism, and the radioactive atoms become incorporated into the organism. Below are a series of examples of internal exposure.

* The exposure due to 40K present within a normal person.
* The exposure to the ingestion of a soluble radioactive substance, such as 89Sr in cow’s milk.
* A person who is being treated for cancer by means of an open source radiotherapy method where a radioisotope is used as a drug. A review of this topic was published in 1999.[8] Because the radioactive material becomes intimately mixed with the affected object it is often difficult to decontaminate the object or person in a case where internal exposure is occurring. While some very insoluble materials such as fission products within a uranium dioxide matrix might never be able to truly become part of an organism, it is normal to consider such particles in the lungs as a form of internal contamination which results in internal exposure. The reasoning is that the particles have entered via an orifice and can not be removed with ease from what the lay person (non biologist) would regard as within the animal. It is important to note that strictly speaking the contents of the digestive tract and the air within the lungs are outside the body of a mammal.
 
The influx of rediscovered classical ideas inspired many writers to add words taken from Greek and Latin bases into the English lexicon. Many thousands of words entered the English language at this time, amongst them bonus, anatomy, climax, dictionary, benefit, initiate, inspire, as reported by Roberts (45). "Probably the average educated American today has more words from French in his vocabulary than from native English sources, and more from Latin than from French," as Roberts quite eloquently puts it (45). The greatest of the writers to build up the lexicon, of course, was William Shakespeare, who was responsible for adding more words to the language than any other person. His contributions were enormous, and it is impossible to imagine modern English without them. One linguistic historian has this to say about the bard:
 
Nuclear warfare and bomb tests


Nuclear warfare and bomb tests are more complex because a person can be irradiated by at least three processes. The first (the major cause of burns) is not caused by ionizing radiation.

* Thermal burns from infrared heat radiation.
* Beta burns from shallow ionizing radiation (this would be from fallout particles; the largest particles in local fallout would be likely to have very high activities because they would be deposited so soon after detonation and it is likely that one such particle upon the skin would be able to cause a localised burn); however, these particles are very weakly penetrating and have a short range.
* Gamma burns from highly penetrating radiation. This would likely cause deep gamma penetration within the body, which would result in uniform whole body irradiation rather than only a surface burn. In cases of whole body gamma irradiation (circa 10 Gy) due to accidents involving medical product irradiators, some of the human subjects have developed injuries to their skin between the time of irradiation and death.

In the picture on the right, the normal clothing that the woman was wearing would have been unable to attenuate the gamma radiation and it is likely that any such effect was evenly applied to her entire body. Beta burns would be likely all over the body due to contact with fallout, but thermal burns are often on one side of the body as heat radiation does not penetrate the human body. In addition, the pattern on her clothing has been burnt into the skin. This is because white fabric reflects more infra-red light than dark fabric. As a result, the skin close to dark fabric is burned more than the skin covered by white clothing.

There is also the risk of internal radiation poisoning by ingestion of fallout particles.
 
Many familiar words and phrases were coined or first recorded by Shakespeare, some 2,000 words and countless catch-phrases are his. Newcomers to Shakespeare are often shocked at the number of cliches contained in his plays, until they realize that he coined them and they became cliches afterwards. One fell swoop, vanish into thin air, and flesh and blood are all Shakespeare’s. Words he bequeathed to the language include critical, leapfrog, majestic, dwindle, and pedant (Wilton).
 
Nuclear reactor accidents

Radiation poisoning was a major concern after the Chernobyl reactor accident. Thirty-one people died as an immediate result.[9]

Of the 100 million curies (4 exabecquerels) of radioactive material, the short lived radioactive isotopes such as 131I Chernobyl released were initially the most dangerous. Due to their short half-lives of 5 and 8 days they have now decayed, leaving the more long-lived 137Cs (with a half-life of 30.07 years) and 90Sr (with a half-life of 28.78 years) as main dangers.
 
The English Shakespeare left us was not Middle English, the language of Chaucer, but indeed, Early Modern English, the same language we speak today, although a number of changes have occurred since then. In the 18th century, grammarians attempted to "purify" the language, and although their movements ultimately failed, we have been left with some pieces of their legacy: For instance, the double negative's incorrectness dates from this time. In England, the "R" sound was dropped after vowels, but not before. American English retains the original "R" sounds (Wagner).
 
Other accidents

Improper handling of radioactive and nuclear materials lead to radiation release and radiation poisoning. The most serious of these, due to improper disposal of a medical device containing a radioactive source (teletherapy), occurred in Goiânia|, Brazil in 1987.
 
In the ninteenth century, the rise of the British Empire spread English over the globe, and the cultures it touched did manage to leave their marks on it as well. From India came words such as shampoo and juggernaut; from Japan tycoon, from Finland sauna (Wilton). Many Spanish words, too, entered English through the conquest of the American west, adding such words as stampede, canyon, and vigilante (English club). As Wilton explains, "Virtually every language on Earth has contributed to the development of English...."
 
Ingestion and inhalation

When radioactive compounds enter the human body, the effects are different from those resulting from exposure to an external radiation source. Especially in the case of alpha radiation, which normally does not penetrate the skin, the exposure can be much more damaging after ingestion or inhalation. The radiation exposure is normally expressed as a committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE).
 
At the same time, the Industrial Revolution was introducing new words to English, mostly scientific and technological terms. Most of these words were not simply borrowed from existing languages; they were invented combining pieces of the classical languages. In this manner words such as oxygen, protein, and vaccine were introduced. More recently, the advent of computers has lead to the introduction of even more technological words: byte, hard-drive, cyber, and microchip are good examples (Wilton).
 
I learned something useful, don't stay up for 40 hours the day before a test especially not studying. I am learning that it is important to study, do homework, be on time to classes, and read the textbook.
 
Deliberate poisoning


On November 23, 2006, Alexander Litvinenko died due to suspected deliberate poisoning with polonium-210. His is the first case of confirmed death due to such a cause, although it is also known that there have been other cases of attempted assassination such as in the cases of KGB defector Nikolay Khokhlov and journalist Yuri Shchekochikhin where radioactive thallium was used. In addition, an incident occurred in 1990 at Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station where several employees acquired small doses of radiation due to the contamination of water in the office watercooler with tritium contaminated heavy water
 
The 20th century was a time of violence, and world wars such as had never before occurred. Military terms for the first time left the armed services and came into widespread use amongst the civilian population. As Wilton reports, "During the mid-20th century, however, virtually all British and American men served in the military. Military slang entered the language like never before. Blockbuster, nose dive, camouflage, radar, roadblock, spearhead, and landing strip are all military terms that made their way into standard English" (Wilton).
 
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